RULE 7: DIRECT ADDRESS & INTERJECTIONS

Nouns of Direct Address & Interjections

Direct address rule:  Words used in direct address are set off my commas.  
Examples:    1.  Bob, please don’t forget to put you name on your paper.
                        2.  Are you still going out for basketball, Kari?
                        3.  Work hard on your assignments, class, so that you can get good grades.
                        4.  I told Carol to wait for me at the library.  (no comma - Carol is not being addressed)

Interjections rule:  Set off interjections that begin sentences with exclamation marks if they show strong emotion.  Use commas if they do not show strong emotion.
Examples:     1.  No, I can’t get to your house by 4:00 tonight.
                        2.  Well, I might be able to get there by 5:00
                        3.  Wow!  That catch was unbelievable!

PART ONE:  Put in commas where needed. 

1.  Ms. Tseng may I ask the speaker a question?

2.  Are you leaving tomorrow for you vacation John?

3.  Can you tell us Ramona where we can find the information we need?

4.  Yes I do plan to finish my assignment Mrs. Curtiss.

5.  Helen and Marie come here at once if you want to go with us.

6.  Gee I sure hope the store doesn’t close early Jeff because I need batteries for my CD player.

7.  May we go now Mother or must we wait for the others?

8.  Yikes I almost got hit in the face with a snowball!

9.  Be sure to dress in warm clothes guys; the wind is really chilly.

10.  Close the door Sam before the dog gets in.

11.  Have you seen Sarah this morning?

PART TWO:  Write 7 sentences that have DIRECT ADDRESS or INTERJECTIONS in them.

        1.

        2.

        3.

        4.

        5.

        6.

        7.

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PART THREE:  PUT IN COMMAS                      “Jill have you seen Jack anywhere?  I’d like you both to go up the hill to fetch a pail of water,” Jill’s mother said.

                        “No Ma I haven’’t seen Jack but I’ll go look for him now,” replied Jill.  She started down the lane calling out Jack’s name.  “Jack Ma wants us to run an errand for her!  Hey Jack!  Where are you Jack?” cried Jill.  Soon Jill saw another old egg friend Humpty Dumpy who sat on a wall.  (Humpty was large round egg and he hadn’t had a fall--yet!)

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            “Humpty have you seen my lazy brother Jack Hill today?  asked Jill.

                        “No Jill I haven't’ but I have been busy keeping my balance and haven’t really had time to look around,”  Humpty replied.

                        “Thanks for nothing Humpty!” shouted Jill in a sarcastic voice.  Later Jill found her brother who had been fishing for a cat in a well.  “Jack you jerk we’ve got work to do,” whined Jill. 

Rule 6: Interrupters and Parentheticals

Rule 6:  Interrupters & Parentheticals 

Rule:  Set off interrupting phrases and parenthetical expressions with commas.

As I was saying     To tell the truth     mind you     in my opinion     on the other hand     without a doubt     I hope     
consequently          I presume            I suppose     if you ask me     for instance             nevertheless         
of course               for example          on the contrary           I believe

Example:  Jerry, I believe, is a genius in math.  (use commas because "I believe" interrupts the sentence)
                 I believe Jerry is a genius in math.  (no commas because there is no interruption)

Example:  Mrs. Jones, who works at Ogles, helped me find spinach and pickles.
                The lady who works at Ogles helped me find spinach and pickles.  (no comma because there is no interruption)

PART ONE:  Write 7 sentences that contain parenthetical expressions or other interrupters.  Set them off with commas.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

PART TWO

1.  Don’t forget to water the plants mind you or they will wither.

2.  As I was saying my trip includes quite an impressive itinerary with stops in several countries.

3.  George in my opinion is completely in error on this issue.

4.  She already knows I suppose why I am calling everyone together.

5.  Joe of course will be the chairman of our banquet.

6.  She is the girl who lost her car keys.

7.  My grandmother who used to be an airline stewardess is retired now.

8.  For example try using baking soda instead of toothpaste.

9.  He is without a doubt the best teacher I have ever had.

10.  Tom will nevertheless try to save his money so he can buy a new snowmobile.

11.  The power is off so Bob consequently could not finish his assignment.

12.  Karen will I believe succeed in her ambition to be a doctor.

RULE 5: APPOSITIVES

Rule 5: Appositives

Set off appositives with commas.  An appositive  renames a noun.  It can switch places with the noun.  Do not put commas around appositives that are only one word long.

Example:     Mr. Nelson, my phy ed teacher, is on a medical leave of absence.

                   My phy ed teacher, Mr. Nelson, is on a medical leave of absence.

                   My brother bought a new car, a Ford Focus.

                   My brother bought a Ford Focus, a new car.

                   My brother Tom bought a new car.

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PART ONE:  Write 7 good sentences that contain appositives. Set the appositives off with commas.

   1.

   2.

   3.

   4.

   5.

   6.

   7.

PART TWO:  Underline or make bold the appositives in these passages. 

       

        We had lots of interesting family members at our recent reunion in Denver, my home town.  I saw Uncle George, a retired army officer.  My cousin Joe, an assistant coach for the Minnesota Gophers, was there, too.  Then, there was my grandmother, a first generation immigrant from Germany.   My brother, Thomas a. Nutt of Kansas City,  was there to do the barbecuing.

        My sister, Corrine Crabapple from Denver, flew all the way up here just to taste that delicious potato salad that my aunt,  a teacher in Apple Valley, makes.  The state park, a beautiful place in the mountains, made a perfect spot for our reunion.  We all had a great time playing putter ball, a new game I learned at camp.  The only bad part of the day happened whn my nephew, a fourteen year old troublemaker, threw a water balloon at Aunt Gertrude, a blind old spinster.

LITERARY ELEMENTS #4 TKAM

Literary Elements #4 To Kill a Mockingbird    Name: ___________

1.  What literary element is this? “There’s a lady in the moon in Maycomb. She sat at a dresser combing her hair.” (p.50)

     What does it mean?

2. Scout says, “What in the sam holy hill did you wait till tonight? (p.51) Why did the boys wait until that particular night to try to look at Boo through his window?  

3. Scout says, “What in the sam holy hill did you wait till tonight? (p.51) “Sam holy hill” is a euphemism for something. Can you guess what it is? [A euphemism is a nice way of saying something not so nice.]

4. On p. 52, find an ironic statement Jem makes in reference to his sister.  [Irony occurs when the opposite of what you would expect happens.]

5. In what way was Scout’s response to Jem’s insult ironic, too? 

6. Find example of hyperbole on p. 52. [Hyperbole is a great exaggeration.]

7. Find a simile on p. 53 that describes the shadow Scout sees as it moves across the porch. [A comparison using like or as.]

8. On p. 54, find a metaphor referring to Nathan Radley’s gun. [A metaphor is a comparison w/out using like or as.]

9. What do you think this metaphorical statement means?  “Matches were dangerous, but cards were fatal.” 

10. On p. 55, find the metaphor about insects. [A metaphor is a comparison w/out using like or as.] 

11. Explain what this passage means:  “…we shouldn’t have done that tonight, Scout.” It was then, I suppose, that Jem and I first began to part company. Sometimes I did not understand him, but my periods of bewilderment were short-lived.  This was beyond me.” (p. 56)

12.  Find the simile that refers to Jem’s shirt on p. 57. [A comparison using like or as.]

13. What does this metaphorical expression mean?  (p. 57) “As Atticus had once advised, I tried to climb into Jem’s skin and walk around in it.”

14. On p. 58, find a simile that indicates how Jem dismissed Scout’s words, “You never told me anything about that night.”

15.  On p58, find an example of personification that refers to Jem’s pants. [Giving human characteristics to objects or animals.]

16. Jem discovers his pants had been sewn up and folded over the fence—like somebody knew he would return for them. He says to Scout, “Can’t anybody tell what I’m gonna do lest they know me, can they Scout?” What does this imply? 

     Why does it bother Jem? p58

17. The children had been finding small treasures in the tree hole.  What do they find that confirms the gifts were meant for them?  (p. 60)

18.  Who puts closes the hiding place in the tree with cement? 

     Why do you supposed he did that? 

     What does this tell you about the identity of the gift giver? (p62-63)

Sub Conjunctions #4 and Review 1-3 rules

Sub Conj’s #4 & Review of Rules 1-4

           

PART ONE:  Put commas into these sentences wherever they are needed.  Make the subordinate conjunctions BOLD or underline.

1.  Whenever my friends come over we make pizzas and watch movies.

2.  We make pizzas and watch movies whenever my friends come over.

3.  If we lose to International Falls I will be very disappointed.

4.  I will be very disappointed if we lose to International Falls.

5.  Because I lost my car keys I can’t go to Bemidji tonight.

6.  I can’t go to Bemidji tonight because I lost my car keys.

7.  Fifty-five cars drove into the stadium parking lot while I was parked there.

8.  While I was parked there fifty-five cars drove into the stadium parking lot.

9.  Jim is an expert marksman whereas I don’t even know how to load a gun.

10.  Unless we finish all our assignments we won’t get a very good grade. 

PART TWO:  -  If the sentences below need commas, rewrite them.  If no comma is needed, mark C for Correct  after the number.  If the sentence needed a comma, tell which rule applies. 

            Rule 1:  Items in a Series – I like flowers, candy, art supplies, and games for gifts.

            Rule 2:  Between Adjectives that precede a noun – The huge, ugly dog bit my brother.

            Rule 3:  Compound sentences -  I want to go to BSU, but I might go to UMD instead.

            Rule 4:  Subordinate Conj.’s -  If you want to succeed, never give up on yourself.

            C – No comma is needed

1. I can’t remember what today’s date is because my calendar is all messed up.  Rule _____?
2. If you lose your temper you might say something you will regret later.  Rule _____?
3. I just met Bill Tom and Sue Wright at the grocery store.  Rule _____?
4. That is the funniest dirtiest cat I have ever seen.  Rule _____?
5. Jim can’t fix my car today but he will do it tomorrow.  Rule _____?
6. Jim can’t fix my car today but will tomorrow.  Rule _____?
7. I lost my geometry book when I left it in the classroom yesterday.  Rule _____?
8. When I left my geometry book in the classroom yesterday I lost it.  Rule _____?
9. Although I like school I hate getting up early for it.  Rule _____?
10. Birds often can eat their weight in food every day although we never could.  Rule _____?
11. Sam loves baloney but I can’t stand to eat it.  Rule _____?
12. He likes fresh fried fish.  Rule _____?

PART THREE:  -  Write a short paragraph about school or your favorite hobby (or another topic) that includes the following:

            1 - Items in a series sentence

            1 - Two adjectives preceding a noun sentence

            1 - Compound sentence

            2 - Complex sentences (use a subordinate conjunction)

Subordinate Conjunctions #3: Combine Sentences

Subordinating Conjunctions #3
Rule: Use a comma after the introductory clause if the sentence begins with a subordinating conjunction. If the subordinating conjunction is in the middle of the sentence, no comma is needed.

Subordinating conjunctions list:

since after as before when whenever
while because whereas so that although if
until where unless while in order that
even though provided that

Directions: Combine the following sentences so that you form one sentence containing a subordinating conjunction. Underline the subordinating conjunction. Follow the comma rule.

Example: Jean was late for school. Jean got marked tardy.
Because Jean was late for school, she was marked tardy.

1. The senator lost the election. He decided to write a book.
2. The audience applauded wildly. The play had ended.
3. You will come along. I will go to the concert.
4. The expedition lost their horses. They were forced to walk.
5. You go to Mexico. Be sure to take your birth certificate.
6. It is cold outside. It feels warm in this cabin.
7. Mrs. Curtiss is happy. No one was tardy for a whole week.
8. The children all ran indoors. It started to rain.
9. Carol’s computer would not work. She was very frustrated.
10. The weather improves. We will be having practice in the gym instead of outside.
11. A bill begins its passage into law. A representative sends a bill to the clerk of the House.
12. The Speaker of the House routes all bills to House committees. Relatively few bills pass beyond the committee stage.
13. A committee sends the approved bill to the full House. All representatives can have a vote.
14. The House passes a bill. It must also win the approval of the Senate.
15. A Senate committee approves or amends a similar bill. It moves to the full Senate.
16. The Senate bill is approved. The bill must agree with the House version.
17. The two bills go to a House-Senate conference committee. A compromise bill is agreed to.
18. A bill passes both the Senate and the House. It goes to the President to be signed into law.
19. The bill becomes law. The President vetoes it.
20. A vetoed bill can become law. A two-thirds majority in both House and Senate can override a President’s veto.
21. The bell sounded loudly. The students filed out of the room into the hall.
22. The lawyer examined the court documents. He prepared a case to present to the jury.
23. Kim wanted to learn how to swim. She took lessons at the YMCA after school on Tuesdays.
24. I get too busy to be careful. Then, I start making some pretty stupid mistakes.
25. Ms. Wentworth came into the room. She was surprised to see us all working quietly at our desks.
26. The fire alarm went off this morning. It made everyone in the room jump. It was so loud.

Subordinate Conjunctions #2

Write 8 sentences that contain subordinate conjunctions. Make the conjunctions bold or all caps. Add commas where they are needed.

Subordinate Conjunctions list: as, after, before, because, since, so that, in order that, provided that, if, when, whenever, while, where, whereas, until, unless

Example:
1. IF you plan to go to the game, be sure to call me by Tuesday.
2. Be sure to call me by Tuesday IF you plan to go to the game.